This manual describes how to build a GNU/Linux-libre system from source for Loongson 3A processor.
This is edition 1.4 (last updated 21 November 2015) of GNU/Linux-libre from source code for Loongson 3A.
Copyright © 2013-2015 Christophe Jarry.
This document is based on the Chinese page http://zdbr.net.cn/download/Loongson64-2.0.htm, which is copyright © 2009 Haiyong Sun (孙海勇). His blog is on http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid/436750.html.
Various formats of this manual as well as its texinfo source are available on http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
Computer instructions in this manual are free software: you can redistribute them and/or modify them under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.Those instructions are distributed in the hope that they will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this manual. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
GNU (GNU's Not Unix) is a project launched by Richard Stallman in 1984 with the goal of building an entirely free operating system compatible with Unix1. “Free” here means “free as in freedom”. In this context, a free operating system is an operating system you can use and share in freedom. A core part of his motivation is given in the GNU Manifesto2:
I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me against my will.So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.
A program is free software if the program's user has the four essential freedoms:
One of the most popular free software license is the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL3).
The free software movement is supported by the Free Software Foundation (FSF4).
The HURD is an acronym for HIRD (HURD of interfaces representing depth) of Unix-replacing daemons. It is the GNU project's replacement for the Unix kernel. It is a collection of servers that run on the Mach microkernel to implement file systems, network protocols, file access control, and other features that are implemented by the Unix kernel or similar kernels (such as Linux).
The purpose of the GNU HURD is to improve the user's freedom on her operating system by allowing her to either add or remove a feature of the kernel on the fly.
From early on, the HURD was developed to use GNU Mach as the microkernel. This was a technical decision made by Richard Stallman, who thought it would speed up the work by saving a large part of it. He has admitted that he was wrong about that.
Nevertheless, development of the HURD is increasingly attracting developers and GNU/HURD systems exist and are usable.
Linux is a monolithic kernel created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linus Torvalds initially wrote a terminal emulator, which he used to access the large UNIX servers of his university. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. This later became the kernel Linux.
Initially, Torvalds first published the kernel Linux under its own licence, which had a restriction on commercial activity.
In the notes for the first release of the kernel Linux, Torvalds lists the GNU software that is required to run Linux:
Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere. To get a working system you need a shell, compilers, a library etc. [...] Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft.
In 1992, he suggested releasing the kernel under the GNU General Public License. He first announced this decision in the release notes of version 0.12. In the middle of December 1992 he published version 0.99 using the GNU GPL.
The kernel Linux is now a contribution of many professionals and volonteers around the world.
Linux, the kernel developed and distributed by Linus Torvalds et al, contains non-Free Software5, i.e., software that does not respect your essential freedoms, and it induces you to install additional non-Free Software that it doesn't contain.
GNU Linux-libre6 is a project to maintain and publish 100% Free distributions of Linux, suitable for use in Free System Distributions7, removing software that is included without source code, with obfuscated or obscured source code, under non-Free Software licenses, that do not permit you to change the software so that it does what you wish, and that induces or requires you to install additional pieces of non-Free Software.
For more information on the GNU project and its relation with the kernel Linux, you can read http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html and http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html.
For more information on the history of the HURD, I recommend you to read http://www.h-online.com/open/features/GNU-HURD-Altered-visions-and-lost-promise-1030942.html.
For more information on the HURD, read http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/.
For more information on the early versions of the kernel Linux, read https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/linux.history.html.
Lemote offered me a Yeeloong 8133 in late 2012. I wanted to adapt some parts of gNewSense8 for MIPS to this particular laptop. I also wanted to port the document I wrote for Loongson 2F to Loongson 3A: GNU/Linux9 Libre from Source Code for Loongson 3A was born.
The traditional way of building a GNU/Linux operating system consists on building a (cross-) compilation toolchain to build a temporary operating system which in turn will be used to build the target system10. This requires almost as much time to complete the temporary system as to build the target one. Using sysroot resolves this problem.
From GCC installation manual, under Cross-Compiler-Specific Options:
--with-sysroot--with-sysroot=dirThis option affects the system root for the compiler used to build
target libraries (which runs on the build system) and the compiler
newly installed with make install; it does not affect the
compiler which is used to build GCC itself.
According to Wikipedia11:
In software, a toolchain is the set of programming tools that are used to create a product (typically another computer program or system of programs). The tools may be used in a chain, so that the output of each tool becomes the input for the next, but the term is used widely to refer to any set of linked development tools.A simple software development toolchain consists of a text editor for editing source code, a compiler and linker to transform the source code into an executable program, libraries to provide interfaces to the operating system, and a debugger.
During a cross-compilation, build host and target are among the most used options: understanding the precise meaning of those parameters is very important. We could define them thus:
Let's use GCC as an example to explain the role of those three parameters.
During GCC compilation, we use:
‘./configure --build=build-platform --host=host-platform --target=target-platform [various compilation parameters]’
So in those configuration parameters:
If this parameter is not specified, it will be guessed automatically.
--host can also be left unspecified, in that case, host-platform would automatically define itself as build-platform, but this is not cross-compilation anymore.
Note: when --build and --host are different, configuration files will maintain the cross-compilation mode.
target-platform parameter is useful only for a limited number of programs. Although this parameter is often present when issuing ‘./configure --help’, hardly any packages will need it.
This parameter is only useful for performing tasks with different platforms; for instance, executable files compiled for different platforms can have a totally different code.
If we summarize, we have:
The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) has been created to specify the location and use of main directories on a GNU/Linux operating system. Common commands, user data, libraries have to be put inside a specific directory given in the standard. During the build process, some commands are used to comply with FHS.
Because most commands are common for a regular Unix user, only uncommon commands are explained in this document. If you do not understand a command that is not explained, you can use the documentation available on your computer; in a terminal, typing ‘man command’ should give you enough information. For GNU software, ‘info package’ can also give additional information.
To know more about command line, I suggest you read "Introduction to the Command Line" which is available on http://flossmanuals.net/command-line/.
Important: In order to complete the first steps of this chapter, you will need to have root permissions.
To dedicate the partition /dev/sda6 to the system build, and to define the filesystem to be used for it as ‘ext3’:
mke2fs -t ext3 /dev/sda6
Option -t is followed by the type of filesystem to be used. The filesystem ‘ext3’ is used as it is one of the most common filesystem used with the kernel Linux.
To create the builder group, user and password:
groupadd gllfsc useradd -s /bin/bash -g gllfsc -m -k /dev/null gllfsc passwd gllfsc
To create the directory /gllfsc in which the system will be built:
export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"
mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}
‘export TARGET_DIR="/gllfsc"’ sets the value of the variable TARGET_DIR to /gllfsc, the directory in which the system will be built.
To mount the hard drive partition, for instance /dev/sda6, used to build the system:
mount /dev/sda6 ${TARGET_DIR}
mkdir -pv ${TARGET_DIR}/{build,download}
chown -Rv gllfsc ${TARGET_DIR}
To login as the user that will build the system:
su - gllfsc
With the command su, it is possible to change the user ID. The option - provides an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly.
~/.bash_profile is a personal initialization file that is read when Bash is invoked as an interactive login shell (~ is the location of the user's home directory). To write the content of the file ~/.bash_profile:
cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
exec env -i HOME=${HOME} TERM=${TERM} PS1=${PS1} /bin/bash
EOF
The first line creates the file ~/.bash_profile and opens it for writing until ‘EOF’ (End Of File) is written in it.
The second line tells Bash to execute /bin/bash with the option -i (or --ignore-environment) which will make Bash start with an empty environment. Variables HOME, TERM and PS1 define respectively the home directory of the current user, the terminal used and the primary prompt string displayed.
~/.bashrc is a personal initialization file that is read when Bash is invoked as an interactive shell but not a login one. To write the content of the file ~/.bashrc:
cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
set +h
umask 022
alias make='make -j5'
export PS1='\[\e[35m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '
export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
export LC_ALL=POSIX
export BUILD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/build"
export DOWNLOAD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/download"
export CROSS_HOST="$(echo $MACHTYPE |\
sed "s/$(echo $MACHTYPE | cut -d- -f2)/cross/")"
export CROSS_TARGET="mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu"
export MABI="n32"
#export MABI="64"
export MARCH="loongson3a"
export PATH=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
unset CFLAGS
unset CXXFLAGS
EOF
source ~/.bash_profile
‘set +h’ tells Bash to not locate nor remember commands (hash) as they are looked up for execution.
‘umask 022’ sets Bash process' file creation mask to ‘022’. This results in permissions of `755' for those files.
‘alias make='make -j5'’ tells Bash to replace every call of ‘make’ by ‘make -j5’. This makes full use of the four cores available in the Loongson 3A to build packages by parallelizing tasks.
‘export PS1='\[\e[35m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '’ sets the primary prompt strings. The primary prompt strings are the strings you see before the commands you type in the terminal. The part ‘\A-\W’ means that the time, in 24-hour HH:MM format and the basename of $PWD will be displayed separated by a `-', as in ‘19:33-bin’. The part ‘\$’ adds a dollar sign at the end, ‘\[\e[35m\]’ colors the strings in purple and ‘\[\e[00m\]’ gets the original color back. For other colors, you can browse http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code.
LC_ALL is a macro used to define a single locale to overwrite other LC_* and LANG environment variables so that language, numeric values, time and other locale-dependant values have all the same value. It is set to the standard POSIX locale.
‘export BUILD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/build"’ sets the environment variable BUILD_DIR to the value of ‘${TARGET_DIR}/build’ which is ‘/gllfsc/build’ in this document.
The value of variable CROSS_HOST equals the value of variable MACHTYPE of the current machine (for instance ‘i686-pc-linux-gnu’) modulo the second word, which is replaced by ‘cross’ (i.e. ‘i686-cross-linux-gnu’).
The value of variable CROSS_TARGET equals the value of variable MACHTYPE of the machine for which the system is built (i.e. ‘mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu’).
The variable MABI defines the ABI (Application Binary Interface) for which the system will be built. -mabi is an option of GCC. n32/64 are for 64-bit CPUs only. 64 has 64-bit pointers and long integers, whereas n32 has 32-bit pointers and long integers.
The variable MARCH defines the architecture for which the system will be built. -march is an option of GCC (GNU Compiler Collection).
The variable PATH contains a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks for commands. The shell will first look for commands in ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin, then, if the command was not found, in /bin and finally in /usr/bin.
unset command removes the variable associated, here CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS. Those variables are used by GCC as extra flags given to the C compiler and the C++ compiler respectively.
Finally ‘source ~/.bash_profile’ reads and executes the content of the file ~/.bash_profile.
The packages listed below are those used in this document. You can try other versions but you will need a recent version of Binutils, GCC and the kernel Linux in order to build GLLFSC for Loongson 3A.
Download those files under ${DOWNLOAD_DIR} (which is /gllfsc/download in this document).
Note: If you have trouble with a savannah mirror, you can have a full list of them at http://download.savannah.gnu.org/mirmon/savannah/.
Patches and configuration files location:
pushd ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}
tar xvf gllfsc-loongson3a-1.4-patches.tar.gz
popd
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}
mkdir -pv bin boot dev {etc/,}opt home lib mnt
mkdir -pv proc media/{floppy,cdrom} run sbin srv sys
mkdir -pv var/{lock,log,mail,run,spool}
mkdir -pv var/{opt,cache,lib/{misc,locate},local}
install -dv -m 0750 root
install -dv -m 1777 {var/,}tmp
mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}{bin,include,lib,sbin,src}
mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/{doc,info,locale,man}
mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/{misc,terminfo,zoneinfo}
mkdir -pv usr/{,local/}share/man/man{1..8}
for dir in usr{,/local}; do
ln -sv share/{man,doc,info} $dir
done
ln -svf lib lib64
ln -svf lib lib32
ln -svf lib usr/lib64
ln -svf lib usr/lib32
cd boot
ln -svf . boot
popd
The command ‘install -dv -m 1777 {var/,}tmp’ creates the directories var/tmp and tmp with the permissions to read, write and execute for everyone. The '1' in ‘1777’ is the sticky bit which allows deletion of the file or directory having this attribute only for the owner of the file or directory.
The command ‘ln -svf lib lib64’ creates a symbolic link (option -s) with the name lib64 which will point to lib.
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/passwd << "EOF"
root::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
EOF
The file /etc/passwd contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons. These fields are:
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/group << "EOF"
root:x:0:
bin:x:1:
sys:x:2:
kmem:x:3:
tty:x:4:
tape:x:5:
daemon:x:6:
floppy:x:7:
disk:x:8:
lp:x:9:
dialout:x:10:
audio:x:11:
video:x:12:
utmp:x:13:
usb:x:14:
cdrom:x:15:
EOF
The file /etc/group is a text file which defines the groups on the system. There is one entry per line, with the following format: ‘group_name:password:GID:user_list’.
touch ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
chmod -v 664 ${TARGET_DIR}/var/run/utmp \
${TARGET_DIR}/var/log/lastlog
In this chapter, the cross-compilation toolchain is built as well as core components of the target system. Those will then be used to build the target system.
In this document, the kernel used is the one modified by Lemote to support Loongson 3A. The changes made by Lemote have been merged into the official kernel maintained by Linus Torvalds as of 3.15. However, some changes made in the kernel since 3.14 require the non-free firmware of the radeon driver earlier at boot: without the firmware, the screen will remain blank, making the Yeeloong 8133 unusable.13 Branch 2.6.36 modified by Lemote is usable without the non-free firmware of the radeon driver.
# 1 hour mostly to deblob the kernel
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}
mkdir linux-2.6.36-21.lemote
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/2.6.36-21.lemote.tar.gz -C linux-2.6.36-21.lemote
cd linux-2.6.36-21.lemote
cp ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/deblob-2.6.36 .
cp ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/deblob-check .
chmod u+x deblob*
# About 60 minutes for the following command
./deblob-2.6.36 --force
rm deblob*
cd ..
# About 2 minutes for the following command (480M)
tar -cf linux-loongson3a-2.6.36-21-libre.tar linux-2.6.36-21.lemote
mv linux-loongson3a-2.6.36-21-libre.tar ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}
cd linux-2.6.36-21.lemote
make mrproper
make ARCH=mips headers_check
make ARCH=mips INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dest headers_install
cp -rv dest/include/* ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
cd ..
rm -rf linux-2.6.36-21.lemote
popd
‘1 hour’ is the time it takes to build the package on Lemote Yeeloong with a Loongson 3A processor.
The command ‘make mrproper’ cleans the sources.
We need to specify ‘ARCH=mips’ as we are cross-compiling.
GNU Binutils (GNU binary utilities) is a collection of programs for manipulating binaries.
# 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.24.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd $BUILD_DIR/binutils-2.24
mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
cd ../binutils-build
CC="gcc" AR="ar" \
../binutils-2.24/configure \
--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_HOST} \
--target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--enable-64-bit-bfd \
--with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
--disable-nls \
--enable-shared
make configure-host
make
make install
cp -v ../binutils-2.24/include/libiberty.h \
${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
cd ..
rm -rf binutils-build
rm -rf binutils-2.24
popd
‘CC="gcc"’ and ‘AR="ar"’ are flags that tell the configure script to use the local commands gcc as the C compiler and ar as the program that handles archives.
--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools tells the configure script to install architecture-independant files in ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools.
The option --enable-64-bit-bfd enables 64 bit for BFD (the Binary File Descriptor).
--with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} tells Binutils to consider ${TARGET_DIR} as the root of a tree that contains (a subset of) the root filesystem of the target operating system. Target system headers, libraries and run-time object files will be searched in there.
The --enable-nls option enables Native Language Support (NLS), which lets Binutils output diagnostics in languages other than American English. Native Language Support is enabled by default if not doing a canadian cross build. The --disable-nls option disables NLS.
The option --enable-shared is used to build shared versions of libraries, if shared libraries are supported on the target platform. Use --disable-shared to build only static libraries.
GCC is the GNU compiler collection. It can compile many languages, of which only C and C++ will be enabled in this document.
In this section, we build a minimal GCC in order to build glibc.
Warning: to build GMP (a GCC dependency), you need a version of GCC different from 4.3.2 on your system14:
GCC 4.3.2 miscompiles GMP on 64-bit machines; please use a different gcc version (e.g., gcc 4.3.1 and gcc 4.3.3 both work properly). We have not been able to find any workaround for this gcc bug. Unfortunately, Debian 5.0 has decided to stay with this trouble gcc version, resulting in that many users strike this bug.
I recommend installing ‘gcc-4.4’ on gNewSense 3.0 to avoid this issue.
# 1 hour 35 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2
mv gmp-5.1.3 gmp
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2
mv mpfr-3.1.2 mpfr
mkdir -pv ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build
../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_HOST} \
--target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
--disable-multilib \
--with-newlib \
--disable-nls \
--disable-shared \
--disable-threads \
--enable-languages=c \
--with-abi=${MABI} \
--with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
--with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
make all-gcc
make all-target-libgcc
make install-gcc
make install-target-libgcc
cd ..
rm -r gcc-build
rm -r gcc-4.7.3
popd
--disable-multilib specifies that multiple target libraries to support different target variants15, calling conventions, etc. should not be built. The default is to build a predefined set of them.
--with-newlib specifies that ‘newlib’ is being used as the target C library.
--disable-threads specifies that threading support should be disabled.
--enable-languages=c specifies that only the C compiler and its runtime libraries should be built.
GCC provides a low-level runtime library, libgcc.a or libgcc_s.so.1 on some platforms. GCC generates calls to routines in this library automatically, whenever it needs to perform some operation that is too complicated to emit inline code for. This is built with ‘make all-target-libgcc’ and installed with ‘make install-target-libgcc’
Glibc is the GNU C library. It provides macros, type definitions, and functions for tasks like string handling, mathematical computations, input/output processing, memory allocation and several other operating system services.
# 1 hour 40 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/glibc-2.18.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/glibc-2.18
sed -i.orig "s/ -lgcc_eh\| -lgcc_s//g" Makeconfig
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
mkdir -pv ../glibc-build
cd ../glibc-build
cat > config.cache << EOF
libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes
libc_cv_slibdir=/lib
EOF
cat > configparms << EOF
install_root=${TARGET_DIR}
libdir=/usr/lib
EOF
BUILD_CC="gcc" \
CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \
AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib" \
../glibc-2.18/configure \
--prefix=/usr \
--libexecdir=/usr/lib/glibc \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--disable-profile \
--enable-add-ons \
--with-tls \
--enable-kernel=2.6.36 \
--with-__thread \
--with-binutils=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
--with-headers=${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include \
--enable-obsolete-rpc \
--cache-file=config.cache
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf glibc-build
rm -rf glibc-2.18
popd
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/nsswitch.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/nsswitch.conf
passwd: files
group: files
shadow: files
hosts: files dns
networks: files
protocols: files
services: files
ethers: files
rpc: files
# End /etc/nsswitch.conf
EOF
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/ld.so.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/ld.so.conf
/usr/local/lib
/opt/lib
# End /etc/ld.so.conf
EOF
Glibc uses ‘n32’ ABI by default with MIPS. To use MABI instead, we do the following:
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n64/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips64/n32/Makefile
echo "" > ports/sysdeps/mips/mips32/Makefile
sed -i "/default) machine=/s/n32/${MABI}/g" \
ports/sysdeps/mips/preconfigure
The file config.cache is used to attribute values to variables of the configure script.
‘libc_cv_forced_unwind=yes’ is used to avoid the error message ‘error: forced unwind support is required’.
‘libc_cv_c_cleanup=yes’ is used to avoid the error message ‘error: the compiler must support C cleanup handling’.
‘libc_cv_slibdir=/lib’ defines /lib as the directory in which the C library of the target system will be installed, instead of /lib64 or /lib32.
You can install glibc somewhere other than where you configured it to
go by setting the install_root variable on the command line for
‘make install’. The value of this variable is prepended to all
the paths for installation. This is useful when setting up a chroot
environment or preparing a binary distribution. The directory should
be specified with an absolute file name.
Files listed in ‘install-lib’ are installed in the directory specified by ‘libdir’ in configparms or Makeconfig.
BUILD_CC="gcc" \
CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}" \
AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar" \
RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
‘CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"’
sets CC to the cross-compiler for the target's architecture,
processor and ABI we configured the library for. AR and
RANLIB are set to cross-compiling versions of ar and
ranlib as the native tools are not configured to work with
object files for the target we configured for.
--prefix=/usr tells the configure script to install glibc in the /usr directory of the target system.
Unlike previous builds, --host now equals ${CROSS_TARGET} instead of ${CROSS_HOST}. This is because we are building the glibc version that the target system will use. We won't have to build it later.
Profiling can be of help to optimize a program by analysing memory use, the usage of particular instructions, etc. Option --disable-profile is used to disable this.
Option --enable-add-ons is used to enable all the add-on packages in the main source directory, which includes the glibc-ports used to support the MIPS architecture.
The option --with-tls tells the configure script to use TLS (thread-local storage). Thread-local storage is a computer programming method that uses memory local to a thread.
The ‘2.6.36’ parameter given to option --enable-kernel describes the smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated library is expected to support. The higher the version number is, the less compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets.
Option --with-__thread enables threads in glibc.
The option --with-binutils=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin tells the configure script to use the binutils (assembler and linker) built in the cross-compilation toolchain process.
--with-headers=${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include indicates the location of the kernel Linux' headers.
--enable-obsolete-rpc tells the configure script to install remote procedure call (RPC) headers. Those may be required by some programs.
--cache-file=config.cache specifies the file in which cache variables are listed for configure.
The file ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/nsswitch.conf contains the configuration of NSS (Name Service Switch). NSS is a facility in Unix-like operating systems that provides a variety of sources for common configuration databases and name resolution mechanisms. These sources include local operating system files (such as /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/hosts), the Domain Name System (DNS), the Network Information Service (NIS), and LDAP.
In this section, we build a complete cross-compiler with support for C and C++ languages.
# 2 hours 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2
mv gmp-5.1.3 gmp
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz
mv mpc-1.0.1 mpc
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2
mv mpfr-3.1.2 mpfr
mkdir -v ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build
../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_HOST} \
--target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--with-sysroot=${TARGET_DIR} \
--disable-nls \
--enable-shared \
--enable-__cxa_atexit \
--disable-multilib \
--with-abi=${MABI} \
--enable-c99 \
--enable-long-long \
--enable-threads=posix \
--enable-languages=c,c++ \
--with-mpfr-include="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3/mpfr/src" \
--with-mpfr-lib="${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-build/mpfr/src/.libs"
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf gcc-build
rm -rf gcc-4.7.3
popd
--enable-__cxa_atexit enables __cxa_atexit, rather
than atexit, to register C++ destructors for local statics and
global objects. This is essential for fully standards-compliant
handling of destructors, but requires __cxa_atexit in libc.
--enable-c99 enables support for the C99 standard.
--enable-long-long enables support for long long int
types.
The command file is used to determine the type of a file: text, executable or data.
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.16.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.16
./configure \
--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf file-5.16
popd
Groff is the GNU version of the roff document formatting system which is used to produce man pages.
You need G++ on your system to compile this program from source. Under gNewSense 3.0, try ‘sudo apt-get install g++-4.4’.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2
PAGE=A4 \
./configure \
--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
--without-x
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf groff-1.22.2
popd
‘PAGE=A4’ defines the default format of pages for printed output.
--without-x disables the dependancy on the X window system.
The package contains programs to handle users, groups and passwords in a secure way: passwords are encrypted.
# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch
#sed -i.orig \
# 's/bindir)\/\$\$i/bindir)\/mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu-\$\$i/' \
# src/Makefile.am
#automake-1.11
echo "shadow_cv_passwd_dir=${TARGET_DIR}/bin" > config.cache
echo "ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no" >> config.cache
./configure \
--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
--sbindir=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin \
--sysconfdir=${TARGET_DIR}/etc \
--disable-shared \
--without-audit \
--without-libpam \
--without-selinux \
--program-prefix=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
--cache-file=config.cache
sed -i.orig "/PASSWD_PROGRAM/s/passwd/${CROSS_TARGET}-&/" config.h
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
popd
The patch shadow-4.1.4.3-sysroot_hacks-1.patch is used so that shadow can be built with the sysroot method. Because we use this patch, ‘shadow_cv_passwd_dir=${TARGET_DIR}/bin’ and ‘ac_cv_func_lckpwdf=no’ have to be added in config.cache in order for the configure script not to test the functionalities associated.
--without-audit, --without-libpam and --without-selinux disable support for auditing, PAM (Pluggable authentication modules) and SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux). We do not need those extra features.
--program-prefix=${CROSS_TARGET}- prepends the value of CROSS_TARGET (that is ‘mips64el-unknown-linux-gnu’ in this document) to installed program names for cross-compilation.
Bison 2.5 requires M4 to be built.
GNU M4 is a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro language. GNU M4 is used in GNU Autoconf' configure files.
# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17
./configure \
--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf m4-1.4.17
popd
GNU ncurses contains a library used to write text-based user interfaces in a terminal-independent manner.
# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
./configure \
--prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools \
--without-shared
make -C include
make -C progs tic
install -m755 progs/tic ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools/bin
cd ..
rm -rf ncurses-5.9
popd
--without-shared is used to avoid building the whole library as only tic is installed.
In order to save some space, binaries and libraries of cross-compilation tools can be stripped out.
Warning: incorrect cleaning arguments used against library files can lead to library files breaking. For this reason, be careful of the command arguments. If you are not comfortable with this, you can skip this section as it will have no effect on the process of building the target system.
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/cross-tools
strip --strip-all bin/*
strip --strip-debug lib/*
popd
--strip-all removes all symbols. This command reduces the size of the bin directory's content from 29 MB to 12 MB.
--strip-debug removes debugging symbols only. This command reduces the size of the lib directory's content from 15 MB to 14 MB.
After having set up the cross-compilation toolchain and tools, the operating system for the target machine is built in this chapter.
Because this chapter is about the build of the target system and not the build of the cross-compilation toolchain and tools anymore, we need to update some environment variables.
For more convenience, we can set environment variables up in the ~/.bashrc file, so that this setup is preserved when logging in:
cat >> ~/.bashrc << EOF
export CC="${CROSS_TARGET}-gcc -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"
export CXX="${CROSS_TARGET}-g++ -march=${MARCH} -mabi=${MABI}"
export AR="${CROSS_TARGET}-ar"
export AS="${CROSS_TARGET}-as"
export RANLIB="${CROSS_TARGET}-ranlib"
export LD="${CROSS_TARGET}-ld"
export STRIP="${CROSS_TARGET}-strip"
EOF
source ~/.bash_profile
CC is the flag that indicates the C compiler to be used, CXX the C++ compiler, AR the archiver, AS the assembler, RANLIB the archives' index generator, LD the linker and STRIP the program for stripping.
All the programs to be used are prefixed with ‘${CROSS_TARGET}-’ in order to use the cross-compilation toolchain instead of the toolchain of the host.
The man-pages package documents the kernel Linux and C library's interfaces that are used by user-space programs.
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-pages-3.54.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-pages-3.54
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
cd ..
rm -rf man-pages-3.54
popd
The option prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr is used to install the man pages on the target partition's TARGET_DIR instead of the /usr directory of the host.
Zlib is a compression/decompression library.
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/zlib-1.2.8
./configure \
--prefix=/usr
make AR="${AR}"
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
cd ..
rm -rf zlib-1.2.8
popd
In order to build zlib by cross-compilation, the flag AR has to be equal to ‘${AR}’.
GNU Binutils (GNU binary utilities) is a collection of programs for manipulating binaries.
# 30 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/binutils-2.24.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/binutils-2.24
mkdir -pv ../binutils-build
cd ../binutils-build
../binutils-2.24/configure \
--prefix=/usr \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--enable-64-bit-bfd \
--enable-shared
make configure-host
make tooldir=/usr
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} tooldir=/usr install
cp -v ../binutils-2.24/include/libiberty.h ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include
cd ..
rm -rf binutils-build
rm -rf binutils-2.24
popd
The option --host is now set to CROSS_TARGET because the host that will run this build will be the target system.
GMP (GNU multiple precision arithmetic library) is required to build GCC.
# 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gmp-5.1.3
./configure \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--enable-cxx
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{gmp,gmpxx}.la
cd ..
rm -rf gmp-5.1.3
popd
The option --enable-cxx enables support for the C++ language.
The files ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{gmp,gmpxx}.la are removed to avoid the following error when building MPFR: ‘/usr/lib/libgmp.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong format’.
GNU MPFR (Multiple Precision Floating-Point Reliably) is a portable C library for arbitrary-precision binary floating-point computation with correct rounding.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpfr-3.1.2
./configure \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmpfr.la
cd ..
rm -rf mpfr-3.1.2
popd
The file ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libmpfr.la is removed to avoid the following error when building MPC: ‘/usr/lib/libmpfr.so: could not read symbols: File in wrong format’.
GNU MPC (Multiple Precision Complex Library) is a C library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high precision and correct rounding of the result.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/mpc-1.0.1
./configure \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf mpc-1.0.1
popd
GCC is the GNU Compiler Collection.
# 2 hours 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gcc-4.7.3
sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in
sed -i.orig 's@\./fixinc\.sh@-c true@' gcc/Makefile.in
mkdir -v ../gcc-build
cd ../gcc-build
../gcc-4.7.3/configure \
--prefix=/usr \
--libexecdir=/usr/lib \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--target=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--enable-shared \
--enable-threads=posix \
--enable-__cxa_atexit \
--enable-c99 \
--enable-long-long \
--disable-multilib \
--with-abi=${MABI} \
--enable-clocale=gnu \
--enable-languages=c,c++ \
--disable-libstdcxx-pch
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
ln -sv gcc ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/cc
cd ..
rm -rf gcc-build
rm -rf gcc-4.7.3
popd
‘sed -i.orig 's/install_to_$(INSTALL_DEST) //' libiberty/Makefile.in’ is used as we already installed the library libiberty.a with Binutils.
Using --enable-clocale=gnu option ensures that the correct locale will automatically be chosen.
Option --disable-libstdcxx-pch disables support for precompiled headers (PCH).
The line ‘ln -sv gcc ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/cc’ creates a symbolic link cc that points on gcc.
GNU sed is a stream editor: it is used to perform basic text transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline).
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sed-4.2.2.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/sed-4.2.2
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf sed-4.2.2
popd
E2fsprogs is a package that contains tools to handle the ext2, ext3 and ext4 filesystems.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/e2fsprogs-1.42.8
mkdir -v build
cd build
../configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--with-root-prefix="" \
--enable-elf-shlibs
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-libs
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libblkid.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libblkid.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libcom_err.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libcom_err.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libe2p.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libe2p.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libext2fs.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libext2fs.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libss.so.2 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libss.so
ln -sv ../../lib/libuuid.so.1 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libuuid.so
cd ../..
rm -rf e2fsprogs-1.42.8
popd
--with-root-prefix="" is used to put e2fsprogs binaries inside /sbin instead of PREFIX/sbin which would be /usr/sbin.
Option --enable-elf-shlibs enables e2fsprogs shared libraries.
‘make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-libs’ is used to install libraries, those are not installed with ‘make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install’.
The sequence of commands that follows first removes symbolic links ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so which point on abolute paths /lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so. In order to use the libraries of the target operating system, we need to symlink ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/lib{blkid,com_err,e2p,ext2fs,ss,uuid}.so to their relative paths files.
GNU coreutils (core utilities) includes the standard programs for text and file manipulation.
On gNewSense Parkes, you need to install xz-utils to extract the package.
# 30 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/coreutils-8.19
cat > config.cache << EOF
fu_cv_sys_stat_statfs2_bsize=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_incomplete_state=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_nul_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_null_arg=yes
gl_cv_func_mbrtowc_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_btowc_eof=yes
gl_cv_func_wcrtomb_retval=yes
gl_cv_func_wctob_works=yes
gl_cv_func_fstatat_zero_flag=yes
EOF
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--enable-install-program=hostname \
--enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime \
--cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf coreutils-8.19
popd
The variables listed in the file config.cache are used in order to avoid that the configure script evaluate their values: otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.
We use --enable-install-program=hostname to install the command hostname which is not built by default.
We use --enable-no-install-program=kill,uptime in order not to install commands kill and uptime. Those commands will be installed by the package procps.
The iana-etc package installs services and protocols using data from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iana-etc-2.30
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf iana-etc-2.30
popd
GNU M4 is a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro language. GNU M4 is used in GNU Autoconf' configure files.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/m4-1.4.17
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf m4-1.4.17
popd
GNU bison parser generator.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bison-2.7.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bison-2.7
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf bison-2.7
popd
‘echo '#define YYENABLE_NLS 1' >> config.h’ is used to build NLS (native language support) inside bison.
# 7 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/ncurses-5.9
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--with-shared \
--enable-widec \
--without-debug \
--without-ada \
--with-build-cc="gcc -D_GNU_SOURCE" \
--libdir=/lib
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf ncurses-5.9
popd
Option --enable-widec enables wide characters support in ncurses.
Option --without-ada disables support for the Ada programming language inside ncurses.
The command ‘ln -sfv libncursesw.so ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/libncurses.so’ creates the symlink libcurses.so so that programs that do not know libncursesw.so can be linked against it.
The procps package contains utilities that give information about processes using the /proc filesystem. The package includes the commands ps, top, vmstat, w, kill, free, slabtop, and skill.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/procps-3.2.8
make \
CPPFLAGS= \
lib64=lib
make \
DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
lib64=lib \
ldconfig= \
install="install -D" \
install
cd ..
rm -rf procps-3.2.8
popd
Option CPPFLAGS= is used so that the target system's ncurses library will be used, default value would have been -I/usr/include/ncurses.
Option lib64=lib makes the directory /lib the one where to put 64 bit libraries, default would be /lib64.
Option ldconfig= is used in order not to use current host's ldconfig.
Option install="install -D" is used so that all the files installed are owned by the current user. By default, all installed files are owned by root.
GNU libtool is a generic library support script. It hides the complexity of using shared libraries behind a consistent, portable interface.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libtool-2.4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/libtool-2.4.2
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf libtool-2.4.2
popd
The GNU Readline library provides a set of functions for use by applications that allow users to edit command lines as they are typed in.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/readline-6.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/readline-6.2
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--libdir=/lib
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-doc
cd ..
rm -rf readline-6.2
popd
GNU autoconf is an extensible package of M4 macros that produce shell scripts to automatically configure software source code packages. These scripts can adapt the packages to many kinds of UNIX-like systems without manual user intervention.
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/autoconf-2.69
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf autoconf-2.69
popd
GNU automake is a tool for automatically generating Makefile.in files compliant with the GNU Coding Standards16.
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/automake-1.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/automake-1.14
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf automake-1.14
popd
GNU Bash (Bourne again shell) is an sh-compatible shell that incorporates useful features from the Korn shell (ksh) and C shell (csh).
# 7 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bash-4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bash-4.2
cat > config.cache << "EOF"
ac_cv_func_mmap_fixed_mapped=yes
ac_cv_func_strcoll_works=yes
ac_cv_func_working_mktime=yes
bash_cv_func_sigsetjmp=present
bash_cv_getcwd_malloc=yes
bash_cv_job_control_missing=present
bash_cv_printf_a_format=yes
bash_cv_sys_named_pipes=present
bash_cv_ulimit_maxfds=yes
bash_cv_under_sys_siglist=yes
bash_cv_unusable_rtsigs=no
gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
EOF
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--cache-file=config.cache \
--without-bash-malloc \
--with-installed-readline
make
make \
DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
htmldir=/usr/share/doc/bash-4.2 \
install
ln -sv bash ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/sh
cd ..
rm -rf bash-4.2
popd
The variables listed in the file config.cache are used in order to avoid that the configure script evaluate their values: otherwise the build may fail when cross-compiling.
Option --without-bash-malloc tells the configure
script not to use the malloc function shipped with
Bash. Glibc's version will be used instead.
Option --with-installed-readline tells the configure script to use the installed readline library instead of the one shipped with Bash.
‘ln -sv bash ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/sh’ creates a symlink sh to bash.
Bzip2 is a package that contains utilities to compress and decompress files with a better original size/compressed size ratio than gzip.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bzip2-1.0.6
sed -i -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile
sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile
make \
-f Makefile-libbz2_so \
CC="${CC}" \
AR="${AR}" \
RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
make clean
make \
CC="${CC}" \
AR="${AR}" \
RANLIB="${RANLIB}"
make \
PREFIX=${TARGET_DIR}/usr \
install
cp -v bzip2-shared ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzip2
cp -av libbz2.so* ${TARGET_DIR}/lib
ln -sv ../../lib/libbz2.so.1.0 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libbz2.so
rm -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/{bunzip2,bzcat,bzip2}
ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bunzip2
ln -sv bzip2 ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/bzcat
cd ..
rm -rf bzip2-1.0.6
popd
‘sed -i.orig -e "/^all:/s/ test//" Makefile’ is used to skip tests when building.
‘sed -i -e 's:ln -s -f $(PREFIX)/bin/:ln -s :' Makefile’ is used in order to have relative path symlinks instead of absolute ones.
Option -f Makefile-libbz2_so is used to build shared libraries.
Flags CC, AR and RANLIB are used so that bzip2 is built using cross-compilation tools instead of the host's ones.
‘make clean’ is used to clean up temporary files.
The second build commands are used to build static libraries.
DHCPCD is a wrapper for the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) client daemon.
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/dhcpcd-6.1.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/dhcpcd-6.1.0
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/sbin \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--dbdir=/var/lib/dhcpcd \
--libexecdir=/usr/lib/dhcpcd
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf dhcpcd-6.1.0
popd
GNU Diffutils is a package of several programs related to finding differences between files.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/diffutils-3.3.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/diffutils-3.3
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf diffutils-3.3
popd
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/file-5.16.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/file-5.16
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf file-5.16
popd
The GNU Find Utilities are typically used to provide directory search and file locating capabilities.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/findutils-4.4.2
cat > config.cache << EOF
gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
gl_cv_header_working_fcntl_h=yes
ac_cv_func_fnmatch_gnu=yes
EOF
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--libexecdir=/usr/lib/locate \
--localstatedir=/var/lib/locate \
--cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf findutils-4.4.2
popd
Flex is a tool for generating scanners. A scanner, sometimes called a tokenizer, is a program which recognizes lexical patterns in text.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37
patch -Np0 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/flex-2.5.37-bug-151.patch
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_path_M4="/usr/bin/m4"
EOF
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
ln -sv libfl.a ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/libl.a
cd ..
rm -r flex-2.5.37
popd
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/lex << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
exec /usr/bin/flex -l "$@"
EOF
chmod -v 755 ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/lex
config.cache forces flex to use /usr/bin/m4 instead of /gllfsc/cross-tools/bin/m4 on the target machine.
For compatibility issues, we create the symlink libl.a.
We then create target system's /usr/bin/lex that will execute flex with option -l in order to behave with maximal compatibility like lex.
GNU awk (Gawk) is a program used to select particular records in a file and perform operations upon them.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gawk-4.1.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gawk-4.1.0
sed -i.orig \
'/check-recursive all-recursive/s/ check-for-shared-lib-support//' \
extension/Makefile.in
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--libexecdir=/usr/lib
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -r gawk-4.1.0
popd
The sed expression is used to avoid the error ‘Building the extensions is not supported on this platform’.
GNU dbm is a library of database functions.
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gdbm-1.11.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gdbm-1.11
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -r gdbm-1.11
popd
The sed expression is used to avoid the error ‘Building the extensions is not supported on this platform’.
GNU gettext utilities are a set of tools that provides a framework to help packages produce multi-lingual messages.
# 20 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.3.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gettext-0.18.3.1
cat > config.cache << EOF
am_cv_func_iconv_works=yes
gl_cv_func_wcwidth_works=yes
gt_cv_func_printf_posix=yes
gt_cv_int_divbyzero_sigfpe=yes
EOF
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--cache-file=config.cache
make
#cp gettext-tools/gnulib-lib/.libs/libgettextlib.la{,i}
#cp gettext-tools/src/.libs/libgettextsrc.la{,i}
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf gettext-0.18.3.1
popd
GNU grep command searches one or more input files for lines containing a match to a specified pattern.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/grep-2.15.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/grep-2.15
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--disable-perl-regexp
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf grep-2.15
popd
Option --disable-perl-regexp disables support of Perl-style regular expressions (regexp).
Groff is the GNU version of the roff document formatting system which is used to produce man pages.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/groff-1.22.2
PAGE=A4 \
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make \
TROFFBIN=troff \
GROFFBIN=groff \
GROFF_BIN_PATH=
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
ln -sv soelim ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/zsoelim
ln -sv eqn ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/geqn
ln -sv tbl ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/gtbl
cd ..
rm -rf groff-1.22.2
popd
The variables TROFFBIN=troff and GROFFBIN=groff tell make to use troff and groff commands installed in the Building the Cross-Compilation Tools to build documentation.
The variable GROFF_BIN_PATH before PATH is checked for programs groff is calling (preprocessors, troff, and output devices). If not set, it defaults to the directory where the groff binary is located.
The symlinks are used for compatibility.
GNU Gzip is a data compression program.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/gzip-1.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/gzip-1.6
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf gzip-1.6
popd
Inetutils is a collection of common network programs.
# 6 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/inetutils-1.9.1
sed -i '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h
sed -i -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf inetutils-1.9.1
popd
‘sed -i.orig '/gets is a security hole/d' lib/stdio.in.h’ is used to fix the following error when issuing ‘make’: ‘./stdio.h:1030:1: error: 'gets' undeclared here (not in a function)’.
‘sed -i.orig -e '/PATH_PROCNET_DEV/s/\ no//' paths’ is used to fix the following error when issuing ‘make’: ‘'PATH_PROCNET_DEV' undeclared (first use in this function)’.
Iproute2 is a collection of utilities for controlling TCP and UDP IP networking and traffic.
You need bison and flex to build this package.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/iproute2-3.10.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/iproute2-3.10.0
sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile
make \
DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
CC="${CC}" \
DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2 \
MANDIR=/usr/share/man
make \
DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
DOCDIR=/usr/share/doc/iproute2 \
MANDIR=/usr/share/man \
install
cd ..
rm -rf iproute2-3.10.0
popd
‘sed -i.orig '/^TARGETS/s@arpd@@g' misc/Makefile’ is used to disable the build of arpd as it requires Berkeley DB to be installed.
DOCDIR and MANDIR indicate the location in which the documentation and the manual pages will be installed, respectively. Those are no absolute paths but use the value of DESTDIR as a prefix.
Kbd contains keytable files and keyboard utilities.
You need check on the build OS to build this package.
# 3 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kbd-2.0.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/kbd-2.0.1
sed -i.orig '/SUBDIRS/s/ tests//' Makefile.in
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--disable-vlock
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf kbd-2.0.1
popd
‘sed -i.orig '/SUBDIRS/s/ tests//' Makefile.in’ is used to prevent files in the tests directory to be built.
Option --disable-vlock disables the build of vlock. vlock needs PAM library headers to be present on the build system and is not necessary for us, so we do not build it.
Kmod (previously known as module-init-tools) provide userspace-side assistance in loading kernel modules and their dependencies.
You need xsltproc on the build OS to build this package.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/kmod-15.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/kmod-15
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--with-zlib
make
make \
DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} \
INSTALL=install \
install
cd ..
rm -rf kmod-15
popd
# For bootscripts:
ln -sv kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/bin/lsmod
ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/depmod
ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/insmod
ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/modprobe
ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/modinfo
ln -sv ../bin/kmod ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/rmmod
--with-zlib enables support for modules compressed with zlib.
By default, installation uses INSTALL=install-with-care which checks if old utilities have not been destroyed. To avoid this check, we use INSTALL=install.
Less is a file pager: it is used to view the content of a text file.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/less-458.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/less-458
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--sysconfdir=/etc
make
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
cd ..
rm -rf less-458
popd
Libpipeline is a C library for manipulating pipelines of subprocesses in a flexible and convenient way.
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libpipeline-1.3.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/libpipeline-1.3.0
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
cd ..
rm -rf libpipeline-1.3.0
popd
GNU make utility determines automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to recompile them.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/make-4.0.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/make-4.0
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf make-4.0
popd
Man-db is an implementation of the standard Unix documentation system accessed using the man command. It uses a Berkeley DB database in place of the traditional flat-text whatis databases.
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/man-db-2.6.7.1.tar.xz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/man-db-2.6.7.1
PKG_CONFIG_PATH="${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/pkgconfig" \
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--sysconfdir=/etc
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf man-db-2.6.7.1
popd
sed -i 's/#\(DEFINE.*pager.*\)pager -s/\1 less -isRc/' \
${TARGET_DIR}/etc/man_db.conf
The sed command is used to replace default pager with less. Option -c will cause less to display man pages faster as this option disables scrolling. Option -R will cause less to render colors in the man pages.
GNU nano is a lightweight text editor.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/nano-2.3.2.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/nano-2.3.2
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--sysconfdir=/etc
sed -i.orig -e \
'/CPPFLAGS/s/\/usr\/include\/ncursesw/${TARGET_DIR}\/usr\/include/' \
`find . -iname 'Makefile'`
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf nano-2.3.2
popd
The sed expression is used to replace /usr/include/ncursesw with ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/include in every file named Makefile in order to overcome the error ‘/usr/include/ncursesw/ncurses.h:60:34: fatal error: ncursesw/ncurses_dll.h: No such file or directory’.
Note: commands in nano are displayed as in `^X'. The `^' character means <CTRL> key, so `^X' means CTRL-X.
GNU patch takes a patch file containing a difference listing produced by the diff program and applies those differences to one or more original files, producing patched versions.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/patch-2.7.1
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_path_ed_PROGRAM=ed
ac_cv_func_strnlen_working=yes
EOF
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--cache-file=config.cache
make
make prefix=${TARGET_DIR}/usr install
cd ..
rm -rf patch-2.7.1
popd
This package contains utilities that use the proc filesystem.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/psmisc-22.20
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
EOF
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--exec-prefix="" \
--cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf psmisc-22.20
popd
Rsyslog is an utility creating log messages.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/rsyslog-5.8.6.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/rsyslog-5.8.6
cat > config.cache << EOF
ac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull=yes
ac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull=yes
EOF
PKG_CONFIG_PATH="${TARGET_DIR}/usr/lib/pkgconfig" \
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--sbindir=/sbin \
--cache-file=config.cache
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.d
cd ..
rm -rf rsyslog-5.8.6
popd
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.conf << "EOF"
$ModLoad imuxsock.so
$ModLoad imklog.so
$ActionFileDefaultTemplate RSYSLOG_TraditionalFileFormat
$FileOwner root
$FileGroup root
$FileCreateMode 0640
$DirCreateMode 0755
$ModLoad imudp
$UDPServerRun 514
$RepeatedMsgReduction on
$IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf
auth,authpriv.* /var/log/auth.log
*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/syslog
daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log
kern.* -/var/log/kern.log
lpr.* -/var/log/lpr.log
mail.* -/var/log/mail.log
user.* -/var/log/user.log
# Catch All Logs
*.=debug;\
auth,authpriv.none;\
news.none;mail.none -/var/log/debug
*.=info;*.=notice;*.=warn;\
auth,authpriv.none;\
cron,daemon.none;\
mail,news.none -/var/log/messages
# Emergency are shown to everyone
*.emerg *
EOF
‘install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rsyslog.d’ is used to create target system's /etc/rsyslog.d directory. Rsyslog looks for user-defined configuration files in this directory. The line ‘$IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf’ in the target system's configuration file /etc/rsyslog.conf has this purpose.
We then create the target system's configuration file /etc/rsyslog.conf.
# 4 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/shadow-4.1.4.3
#automake
echo "ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void=yes" > config.cache
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--libdir=/lib \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--enable-shared \
--without-audit \
--without-libpam \
--without-selinux \
--cache-file=config.cache \
--enable-man
sed -i.orig '/man_MANS/s/$(man_nopam) //' man/ru/Makefile
sed -i.orig 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile
for mkf in $(find man -name Makefile)
do
sed -i.orig -e '/groups.1.xml/d' -e 's/groups.1 //' ${mkf}
done
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
sed -i.orig -e 's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \
-e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' \
${TARGET_DIR}/etc/login.defs
${CROSS_TARGET}-pwconv
${CROSS_TARGET}-grpconv
cd ..
rm -rf shadow-4.1.4.3
popd
The option --enable-man is used to generate man pages.
The first call of sed removes $(man_nopam) on the line with man_MANS in man/ru/Makefile.am in order for ‘make install’ to complete.
The second call of sed disables the build of command groups, as coreutils already installed it.
The last call of sed enables support for MD5 encrypted passwords and changes the mail default directory from /var/spool/mail to /var/mail.
The pwconv command creates shadow file from file passwd and an optionally existing shadow file.
The grpconv command creates gshadow file from file group and an optionally existing gshadow file.
Sysvinit is the system-V style init process. Init is the first process started during booting. It is started by the kernel. Init continues running as a daemon until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes.
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/sysvinit-2.88dsf
sed -i.orig -e 's@/dev/initctl@$(ROOT)&@g' \
-e 's@\(mknod \)-m \([0-9]* \)\(.* \)p@\1\3p; chmod \2\3@g' \
-e '/^ifeq/s/$(ROOT)//' \
-e 's@/usr/lib@$(ROOT)&@' \
src/Makefile
make -C src clobber
make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} CC="${CC}"
make -C src ROOT=${TARGET_DIR} INSTALL="install" install
cd ..
rm -rf sysvinit-2.88dsf
popd
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inittab << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/inittab
id:3:initdefault:
si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc sysinit
l0:0:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 0
l1:S1:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc 6
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
su:S016:once:/sbin/sulogin
1:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 9600
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty2 9600
#3:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty3 9600
#4:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty4 9600
#5:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty5 9600
#6:2345:respawn:/sbin/agetty tty6 9600
#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100
# End /etc/inittab
EOF
The first call of sed replaces /dev/initctl with $(ROOT)/dev/initctl, and /usr/lib with $(ROOT)/usr/lib among other things in order to install sysvinit on the target system.
‘make -C src clobber’ is used to clean up the src directory.
Then, we create the inittab file that describes which processes are started at bootup and during normal operation.
The line ‘#c0:12345:respawn:/sbin/agetty 115200 ttyS0 vt100’ is
commented out (with #) in order to avoid the message:
‘INIT: Id "c0" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes’ on
the target system.
GNU tar is an archiving utility: it stores and extracts files from a tape or disk archive.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tar-1.27.1.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/tar-1.27.1
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--bindir=/bin \
--libexecdir=/usr/sbin
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf tar-1.27.1
popd
GNU Texinfo is a documentation system that can produce both online information and a printed manual from a single source.
# 10 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13a.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/texinfo-4.13
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make -C tools/gnulib/lib
make -C tools
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf texinfo-4.13
popd
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/share/info
rm dir
for f in *
do install-info $f dir 2>/dev/null
done
popd
The first three calls of make make it possible to build Texinfo by cross-compilation.
For Info to work, the info directory must contain a file that serves as a top level directory for the Info system. By convention, this file is called dir. We update this file for the target system.
Udev is the dynamic device management of the kernel Linux.
You need gperf on the build OS to build this package.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/udev-175.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/udev-175
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--sbindir=/sbin \
--with-rootlibdir=/lib \
--libexecdir=/lib/udev \
--docdir=/usr/share/doc/udev-175 \
--disable-introspection \
--with-pci-ids-path=no \
--with-usb-ids-path=no \
--disable-gudev
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
install -dv ${TARGET_DIR}/lib/firmware
ln -sv ../lib/udev/udevd ${TARGET_DIR}/sbin/udevd
cd ..
rm -rf udev-175
popd
util-linux is a random collection of utilities for use with the kernel Linux.
Warning: If you have trouble building util-linux, try to uninstall the package named libtinfo-dev. Then remove ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/util-linux-2.24 and build it again.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/util-linux-2.24.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/util-linux-2.24
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--enable-partx \
--disable-wall \
--enable-write \
--disable-makeinstall-chown
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
mv -v ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/bin/logger ${TARGET_DIR}/bin
cd ..
rm -r util-linux-2.24
popd
Option --enable-partx enables the build and installation of the addpart, delpart and partx commands.
Option --disable-wall disables the build of the wall command which is already provided by sysvinit.
Option --enable-write enables the build and installation of the write command.
Option --disable-makeinstall-chown disables the change of owner to root for installed programs.
XZ Utils is a general-purpose data compression software with high compression ratio.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/xz-5.0.8.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/xz-5.0.8
./configure \
--build=${CROSS_HOST} \
--host=${CROSS_TARGET} \
--prefix=/usr
make
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install
cd ..
rm -rf xz-5.0.8
popd
The bootscript archive contains scripts that manage services during system's bootup and shutdown.
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0.0.tar.xz \
-C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-bootscripts
make DESTDIR=${TARGET_DIR} install-network
cd ..
rm -rf bootscripts-cross-lfs-2.0-pre2
popd
This installs basic bootscripts required for bootup and shutdown, and network-related bootscripts.
Linux is a kernel aimed towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.
You need bc and lzma on the build OS to build this package.
Warning: You may need to install the package libncurses5-dev to build the Kernel.
# 2 hours
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-loongson3a-2.6.36-21-libre.tar \
-C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/linux-2.6.36-21.lemote
# Don't wait 60s for the firmware loading machinery to fail:
sed -i.orig '/static int loading_timeout/s/60/1/' \
drivers/base/firmware_class.c
# Fix kernel freeze if firmware is missing:
patch -p0 < ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/linux-2.6.36-21-freeze.patch
make mrproper
The sed expression is used to avoid waiting 60 seconds for the binary-blob firmware to load, as those have been removed by the deblob script.
Then:
cp arch/mips/configs/loongson3_config .config
#Skip the following as, with 4 CPUs, the result is ugly:
#patch -Np1 -i ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/100gnu+freedo.patch
Then, if you want to change the configuration:
make ARCH=mips CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- menuconfig
Then:
make \
ARCH=mips \
CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}-
make \
ARCH=mips \
CROSS_COMPILE=${CROSS_TARGET}- \
INSTALL_MOD_PATH=${TARGET_DIR} \
modules_install
cp vmlinuz ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.36-21-libre
cp System.map ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/System.map
cp .config ${TARGET_DIR}/boot/config
cd ..
popd
Tip: because future compilation may need kernel sources, the compilation directory of the kernel should be preserved.
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/clock << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/sysconfig/clock
UTC=1
# End /etc/sysconfig/clock
EOF
If you have trouble with the clock behaviour, do:
mv ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rc.d/rcsysinit.d/S15setclock \
${TARGET_DIR}/etc/rc.d/rcsysinit.d/K15setclock
Readline default configuration file is set:
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/inputrc << "EOF"
set bell-style none
set convert-meta Off
set horizontal-scroll-mode Off
set input-meta On
set output-meta On
"\eOd": backward-word
"\eOc": forward-word
"\e[1~": beginning-of-line
"\e[4~": end-of-line
"\e[5~": beginning-of-history
"\e[6~": end-of-history
"\e[3~": delete-char
"\e[2~": quoted-insert
"\eOH": beginning-of-line
"\eOF": end-of-line
"\e[H": beginning-of-line
"\e[F": end-of-line
EOF
If convert-meta is set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ascii key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them to a meta-prefixed key sequence.
horizontal-scroll-mode set to ‘off’ means that the text of the lines being edited will be wrapped onto a new screen line when they are longer than the width of the screen, instead of being scrolled horizontally on a single screen line.
input-meta If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads), regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.
If output-meta is set to ‘on’, Readline will display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape sequence.
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/profile << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/profile
export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
export PS1='\[\e[31m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ '
# End /etc/profile
EOF
The environement variable LANG defines the default language that should be used on the system. ‘en_US.UTF-8’ means “english” language, country “US” and UTF-8 (UCS Transformation Format—8-bit) encoding (Unicode).
For explanations on PS1, see Environment Variables Setup.
echo "HOSTNAME=gllfsc" > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/hosts << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 gllfsc localhost
# End /etc/hosts
EOF
You can choose to have a network static or dynamic address.
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
cat > ifconfig.eth0/ipv4 << "EOF"
ONBOOT=yes
SERVICE=ipv4-static
IP=192.168.1.1
GATEWAY=192.168.1.2
PREFIX=24
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255
EOF
popd
Warning:IP,GATEWAY,BROADCASTaddresses are set up according to one's situation.
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/sysconfig/network-devices
mkdir -v ifconfig.eth0
cat > ifconfig.eth0/dhcpcd << "EOF"
ONBOOT=yes
SERVICE=dhcpcd
DHCP_START="-q"
DHCP_STOP="-k"
EOF
popd
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/resolv.conf << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver your-main-DNS-address
nameserver your-secondary-DNS-address
# End /etc/resolv.conf
EOF
The file /etc/fstab is used at boot to mount partitions under the requested directories.
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/fstab << "EOF"
# Begin /etc/fstab
# file system mount-point type options dump fsck order
/dev/sda6 / ext3 defaults 0 0
/dev/sda3 swap swap pri=1 0 0
devtmpfs /dev dev defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
tmpfs /run run defaults 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=4,mode=620 0 0
shm /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
# End /etc/fstab
EOF
Warning: the name of the hard drive and the name of filesystem used here have to be modified to reflect your real situation.
After the system has been completed, we use the command exit to logout as the gllfsc user.
Now, login as the root user.
Then fix the permissions on the new system:
export TARGET_DIR=/gllfsc
pushd ${TARGET_DIR}
mknod -m 600 dev/console c 5 1
mknod -m 666 dev/null c 1 3
cp -a dev/{console,null} lib/udev/devices/
#chown -R root:root *
chown -R root:root \
bin boot dev etc home lib* lost+found media \
mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
Also copy packages to be built after reboot:
export DOWNLOAD_DIR="${TARGET_DIR}/download"
for FILE in \
tzcode2013h.tar.gz \
tzdata2013h.tar.gz \
openssl-1.0.1i.tar.gz \
wpa_supplicant-2.0.tar.gz \
wireless_tools.29.tar.gz \
wget-1.14.tar.gz \
perl-5.18.1.tar.gz \
libtasn1-3.4.tar.gz \
lynx2.8.8dev.16.tar.bz2 \
certdata.txt; do
cp -v ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/$FILE ${TARGET_DIR}/usr/src
done
We archive the entire system by using the following command:
# 20 minutes without kernel sources nor cross-tools
#tar -cjf gllfsc-loongson3a-1.4.tar.bz2 bin boot dev etc home lib* \
# media mnt opt proc root sbin srv sys tmp usr var
# 20 minutes without kernel sources
tar -cjf gllfsc-loongson3a-1.4.tar.bz2 bin boot cross-tools dev etc \
home lib* media mnt opt proc root sbin srv sys tmp usr var
# 60 minutes with kernel sources + cross-tools
#tar -cjf gllfsc-loongson3a-1.4.tar.bz2 *
It is then easy to copy the archive to the target machine and extract it.
We recommend extracting the system to an empty partition. Moreover, the filesystem of the chosen partition has to be a filesystem supported by the kernel you compiled. Finally, this partition has to be consistent with the system description in the file /etc/fstab you created during setup (see fstab File Creation).
Then, you will have to edit the PMON BIOS configuration file of the target machine: /boot.cfg. This file has to be put on the first partition of the hard drive17.
Note: On the Yeeloong 8133, vmlinuz must be on the first primary partition to be able to boot.
A minimal /boot.cfg could be:
default 0 timeout 2 showmenu 1 title GLLFSC 1.4 (2.6.36-21 libre) kernel /dev/fs/ext2@wd0/vmlinuz-2.6.36-21-libre args console=tty1 quiet root=/dev/sda6
Some system configuration and package installation can only be made after booting onto the new system.
To login as root, just type ‘root’ when the system asks for your ‘login:’. Then, update your bash profile:
cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF" export BUILD_DIR="/tmp" export DOWNLOAD_DIR="/usr/src" EOF source ~/.bash_profile
You may want to have your new system display messages in your native language. If you desire to have a system supporting german, US english, french and China mainland's chinese:
mkdir /usr/lib/locale localedef -i de_DE -f UTF-8 de_DE localedef -i en_US -f UTF-8 en_US localedef -i fr_FR -f UTF-8 fr_FR localedef -i zh_CN -f UTF-8 zh_CN
Other locales are available:
In order to have the time and date corresponding to the area where you live, you should build tzcode, tzdata and define your timezone.
mkdir ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tzcode2013h.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/tzdata2013h.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/tz
make \
TOPDIR=/usr \
TZDIR=/usr/share/zoneinfo \
ETCDIR=/usr/bin
for TZ in africa antarctica asia australasia europe northamerica \
southamerica pacificnew etcetera backward systemv factory \
solar87 solar88 solar89; do
zic -y "sh yearistype.sh" \
-d /usr/share/zoneinfo \
-L /dev/null $TZ
done
zic -y "bash yearistype.sh" \
-d /usr/share/zoneinfo \
-l GMT \
-p America/New_York
cp iso3166.tab zone.tab /usr/share/zoneinfo
cd ..
rm -rf tz
popd
Then, we define our timezone, in this case Europe/Paris:
cp -v --remove-destination \
/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris \
/etc/localtime
Perl is a high-level programming language.
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/perl-5.18.1.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/perl-5.18.1
sh Configure -ds -e -Dprefix=/usr
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf perl-5.18.1
popd
OpenSSL is a toolkit implementing the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols as well as a cryptography library.
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/openssl-1.0.1i.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/openssl-1.0.1i
./config \
--prefix=/usr \
--openssldir=/etc/ssl \
shared
make -j1
# Install without the documentation:
make install_sw
cd ..
rm -rf openssl-1.0.1i
popd
Wpa_supplicant is a user space IEEE 802.1X/WPA supplicant (wireless client) for many wireless drivers.
# 2 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/wpa_supplicant-2.0.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/wpa_supplicant-2.0/wpa_supplicant
cat > .config << 'EOF'
CONFIG_DRIVER_HOSTAP=y
CONFIG_DRIVER_WEXT=y
#CONFIG_DRIVER_NL80211=y
#CONFIG_DRIVER_WIRED=y
#CONFIG_PKCS12=y
#CONFIG_SMARTCARD=y
CONFIG_CTRL_IFACE=y
CONFIG_BACKEND=file
CONFIG_PEERKEY=y
#CONFIG_IEEE80211W=y
CONFIG_TLS=openssl
#CONFIG_IEEE80211N=y
EOF
sed -i.orig 's/local\///g' Makefile
make
make install
cd ../..
rm -rf wpa_supplicant-2.0
popd
cat > ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf << 'EOF'
network={
ssid="MYESSID"
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
pairwise=TKIP
group=TKIP
psk="MYPASSWORD"
}
EOF
chmod 600 ${TARGET_DIR}/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
The Wireless Tools is a set of tools allowing to manipulate the Wireless Extensions.
# 1 minute
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/wireless_tools.29.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/wireless_tools.29
make
make PREFIX=/usr install
cd ..
rm -rf wireless_tools.29
popd
GNU wget is an utility for downloading network data.
# 5 minutes
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/wget-1.14.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/wget-1.14
sed -i.orig 's/item $thing/item C<$thing>/' doc/texi2pod.pl
./configure \
--prefix=/usr \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--with-ssl=openssl
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf wget-1.14
popd
GNU libtasn1 is a ASN.1 library.
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/libtasn1-3.4.tar.gz -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/libtasn1-3.4
./configure \
--prefix=/usr
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf libtasn1-3.4
popd
Lynx is a text web browser.
tar xf ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/lynx2.8.8dev.16.tar.bz2 -C ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}/lynx2-8-8
./configure \
--prefix=/usr \
--sysconfdir=/etc \
--with-ssl=/usr/lib \
--enable-nls \
--with-screen=ncursesw
make
make install
cd ..
rm -rf lynx2-8-8
# Stop asking questions about certificates:
sed -i s/#FORCE_SSL_PROMPT:PROMPT/FORCE_SSL_PROMPT:yes/ \
${TARGET_DIR}/etc/lynx.cfg
# Display non-ascii characters:
sed -i s/#CHARACTER_SET:iso-8859-1/CHARACTER_SET:utf-8/ \
${TARGET_DIR}/etc/lynx.cfg
# I don't want cookies:
sed -i 's/#SET_COOKIES:TRUE/SET_COOKIES:FALSE/' \
${TARGET_DIR}/etc/lynx.cfg
sed -i 's/#ACCEPT_ALL_COOKIES:FALSE/ACCEPT_ALL_COOKIES:FALSE/' \
${TARGET_DIR}/etc/lynx.cfg
sed -i 's/#PERSISTENT_COOKIES:FALSE/PERSISTENT_COOKIES:FALSE/' \
${TARGET_DIR}/etc/lynx.cfg
popd
CA-Certificates are used for https web pages.
# Inspired from
# http://linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/stable/postlfs/cacerts.html
cp ${DOWNLOAD_DIR}/certdata.txt ${BUILD_DIR}
pushd ${BUILD_DIR}
cat > /usr/bin/make-cert.pl << "EOF"
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
# Used to generate PEM encoded files from Mozilla certdata.txt.
# Run as ./make-cert.pl > certificate.crt
#
# Parts of this script courtesy of RedHat (mkcabundle.pl)
#
# This script modified for use with single file data (tempfile.cer)
# extracted from certdata.txt, taken from the latest version in the
# Mozilla NSS source.
# mozilla/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt
#
# Authors: DJ Lucas
# Bruce Dubbs
#
# Version 20120211
my $certdata = './tempfile.cer';
open( IN, "cat $certdata|" )
|| die "could not open $certdata";
my $incert = 0;
while ( <IN> )
{
if ( /^CKA_VALUE MULTILINE_OCTAL/ )
{
$incert = 1;
open( OUT, "|openssl x509 -text -inform DER -fingerprint" )
|| die "could not pipe to openssl x509";
}
elsif ( /^END/ && $incert )
{
close( OUT );
$incert = 0;
print "\n\n";
}
elsif ($incert)
{
my @bs = split( /\\/ );
foreach my $b (@bs)
{
chomp $b;
printf( OUT "%c", oct($b) ) unless $b eq '';
}
}
}
EOF
chmod +x /usr/bin/make-cert.pl
cat > /usr/bin/make-ca.sh << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
# Begin make-ca.sh
# Script to populate OpenSSL's CApath from a bundle of PEM formatted
# CAs
#
# The file certdata.txt must exist in the local directory
# Version number is obtained from the version of the data.
#
# Authors: DJ Lucas
# Bruce Dubbs
#
# Version 20120211
certdata="certdata.txt"
if [ ! -r $certdata ]; then
echo "$certdata must be in the local directory"
exit 1
fi
REVISION=$(grep CVS_ID $certdata | cut -f4 -d'$')
if [ -z "${REVISION}" ]; then
echo "$certfile has no 'Revision' in CVS_ID"
exit 1
fi
VERSION=$(echo $REVISION | cut -f2 -d" ")
TEMPDIR=$(mktemp -d)
TRUSTATTRIBUTES="CKA_TRUST_SERVER_AUTH"
BUNDLE="BLFS-ca-bundle-${VERSION}.crt"
CONVERTSCRIPT="/usr/bin/make-cert.pl"
SSLDIR="/etc/ssl"
mkdir "${TEMPDIR}/certs"
# Get a list of starting lines for each cert
CERTBEGINLIST=$(grep -n "^# Certificate" "${certdata}" | cut -d ":" -f1)
# Get a list of ending lines for each cert
CERTENDLIST=$(grep -n "^CKA_TRUST_STEP_UP_APPROVED" "${certdata}" \
| cut -d ":" -f 1)
# Start a loop
for certbegin in ${CERTBEGINLIST}; do
for certend in ${CERTENDLIST}; do
if test "${certend}" -gt "${certbegin}"; then
break
fi
done
# Dump to a temp file with the name of the file as the beginning
# line number
sed -n "${certbegin},${certend}p" "${certdata}" \
> "${TEMPDIR}/certs/${certbegin}.tmp"
done
unset CERTBEGINLIST CERTDATA CERTENDLIST certbegin certend
mkdir -p certs
rm -f certs/* # Make sure the directory is clean
for tempfile in ${TEMPDIR}/certs/*.tmp; do
# Make sure that the cert is trusted...
grep "CKA_TRUST_SERVER_AUTH" "${tempfile}" | \
egrep "TRUST_UNKNOWN|NOT_TRUSTED" > /dev/null
if test "${?}" = "0"; then
# Throw a meaningful error and remove the file
cp "${tempfile}" tempfile.cer
perl ${CONVERTSCRIPT} > tempfile.crt
keyhash=$(openssl x509 -noout -in tempfile.crt -hash)
echo "Certificate ${keyhash} is not trusted! Removing..."
rm -f tempfile.cer tempfile.crt "${tempfile}"
continue
fi
# If execution made it to here in the loop, the temp cert is trusted
# Find the cert data and generate a cert file for it
cp "${tempfile}" tempfile.cer
perl ${CONVERTSCRIPT} > tempfile.crt
keyhash=$(openssl x509 -noout -in tempfile.crt -hash)
mv tempfile.crt "certs/${keyhash}.pem"
rm -f tempfile.cer "${tempfile}"
echo "Created ${keyhash}.pem"
done
# Remove blacklisted files
# MD5 Collision Proof of Concept CA
if test -f certs/8f111d69.pem; then
echo "Certificate 8f111d69 is not trusted! Removing..."
rm -f certs/8f111d69.pem
fi
# Finally, generate the bundle and clean up.
cat certs/*.pem > ${BUNDLE}
rm -r "${TEMPDIR}"
EOF
chmod +x /usr/bin/make-ca.sh
cat > /usr/bin/remove-expired-certs.sh << "EOF"
#!/bin/sh
# Begin /usr/bin/remove-expired-certs.sh
#
# Version 20120211
# Make sure the date is parsed correctly on all systems
mydate()
{
local y=$( echo $1 | cut -d" " -f4 )
local M=$( echo $1 | cut -d" " -f1 )
local d=$( echo $1 | cut -d" " -f2 )
local m
if [ ${d} -lt 10 ]; then d="0${d}"; fi
case $M in
Jan) m="01";;
Feb) m="02";;
Mar) m="03";;
Apr) m="04";;
May) m="05";;
Jun) m="06";;
Jul) m="07";;
Aug) m="08";;
Sep) m="09";;
Oct) m="10";;
Nov) m="11";;
Dec) m="12";;
esac
certdate="${y}${m}${d}"
}
OPENSSL=/usr/bin/openssl
DIR=/etc/ssl/certs
if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
DIR="$1"
fi
certs=$( find ${DIR} -type f -name "*.pem" -o -name "*.crt" )
today=$( date +%Y%m%d )
for cert in $certs; do
notafter=$( $OPENSSL x509 -enddate -in "${cert}" -noout )
date=$( echo ${notafter} | sed 's/^notAfter=//' )
mydate "$date"
if [ ${certdate} -lt ${today} ]; then
echo "${cert} expired on ${certdate}! Removing..."
rm -f "${cert}"
fi
done
EOF
chmod +x /usr/bin/remove-expired-certs.sh
make-ca.sh
remove-expired-certs.sh certs
install -d /etc/ssl/certs
cp -v certs/*.pem /etc/ssl/certs
c_rehash
install BLFS-ca-bundle*.crt /etc/ssl/ca-bundle.crt
ln -sfv ../ca-bundle.crt /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
rm BLFS-ca-bundle*.crt
rm certdata.txt
rm -rf certs
popd
cd /
tar -cjf gllfsc-loongson3a-1.4-completed.tar.bz2 \
bin/ boot/ cross-tools/ dev/ etc/ home/ lib* lost+found/ media/ \
mnt/ opt/ proc/ root/ run/ sbin/ srv/ sys/ tmp/ usr/ var/
To create a new user, without root rights:
useradd -m $USER
This will create a new user named ‘$USER’, with group ‘$USER’ and user's home at /home/$USER.
To give a password to this user:
passwd $USER
You may want to change the color of this user's prompt:
cat > /home/$USER/.bash_profile << EOF export PS1='\[\e[32m\]\A-\W\[\e[00m\]\$ ' EOF chown $USER:$USER /home/$USER/.bash_profile
On my personal website at http://cjarry.org/gnu-linux/gllfsc/gllfsc.en.html, there is some information on how to extend GLLFSC, for instance instructions on how to build Xorg and programs on top of it.
Haiyong Sun's website (in Chinese): http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid/436750.html. It includes documents on building a GNU/Linux system for Loongson and a GNU/Hurd system for x86.
Cross [GNU/]Linux from scratch: http://www.clfs.org (PDF files may be downloaded from http://clfs.org/files/BOOK/). Includes a lot of documentation to build a GNU/Linux system by cross-compilation on a variety of hardware, no information (yet) for cross-compiling with sysroot on MIPS though. There is also a Community-driven Beyond [GNU/]Linux From Scratch on http://cblfs.clfs.org/index.php/Main_Page. It documents the building of Xorg and TeXLive among other things.
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/more_control_and_pkg_man.txt documents an interesting way of managing packages. Quotation from the file:
DESCRIPTION:
- You want to know which packages your files belong to?
- You want to deinstall software that doesn't have make uninstall?
- You are bothered by programs installed setuid root behind your back?
- You don't like packages quietly overwriting files from other packages?
- You don't like package managers like RPM?
- YOU WANT TOTAL CONTROL USING ONLY UNIX BUILTINS?
The suckless team18 is a group of programmers that share the following philosophy19:
Focus on simplicity, clarity and frugality. Our philosophy is about keeping things simple, minimal and usable. We believe this should become the mainstream philosophy in the IT sector. Unfortunately, the tendency for complex, error-prone and slow software seems to be prevalent in the present-day software industry. We intend to prove the opposite with our software projects.
The simple and lightweight programs released by this team are interesting for machines based on Loongson 3A processor as performance is limited compared to current x86 processors.
I thank Lemote and particularily the CEO, Fuxin Zhang, for offering me a Yeeloong 8133, Huacai Chen and Haiyong Sun for their help in fixing the bugs I found in the deblobbed kernel.
I am particularily grateful to Haiyong Sun for having shared his knowledge on building a free operating system for Loongson 2F machines, this document is heavily based on this.
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
http://fsf.org/
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
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The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
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If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
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You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
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An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
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To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
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If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.
Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. http://fsf.org/
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
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The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program—to make sure it remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
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Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
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If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) year name of author
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
program Copyright (C) year name of author
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.
The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.
[1] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
[2] http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html
[3] http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
[5] For more information about the presence of proprietary firmware in the kernel Linux, read http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/anuncio/2010-03-Linux-2.6.33-libre.en and http://www.gnu.org/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html#nonfree-firmware.
[6] http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/index.en.html
[7] For a full list of free as in freedom GNU/Linux distributions, see http://www.gnu.org/distros/.
[9] Note: in this document, we use the term “GNU/Linux” to name the entire system and “Linux” to name the kernel. For more information, read http://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html.
[10] see Further Readings section for more details
[11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolchain
[12] The kernel Linux is shipped with proprietary firmware. The version called Linux-Libre exists without them, it is available for download at http://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/selibre/linux-libre/.
[13] See https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=77861 for details.
[14] https://gmplib.org/#STATUS
[15] Such as different ABI, for instance n32 and 64.
[16] http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/
[17] http://gnewsense.org/Projects/Lemote#Updating_of_the_PMON_configuration
[19] http://suckless.org/philosophy